Vocabulary

Vocabulary

E-mail Mrs. Niles

Chapter 1
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Absolute Values	p. 19	Distance a number is from zero on the number line
Additive Inverse	p. 25	Two integers that are opposite of each other are called additive inverses. The sum of any number and its additive inverse is zero.
Algebraic Express	p. 11	Combination of variables, numbers and at least one operation. Example: 2x + 6
Coordinate	p. 18	A number associated with a point on the number line
Equation	p. 13	A mathematical sentence that contains an equals sign Example: 2x+5 = 19
Evaluate	p. 11	To find the value of an expression by replacing variables with numerals.
Inequality	p. 18	A mathematical sentence that contains a symbol for: Less than, Less than or equal to, Greater than, or greater than or equal to
Integer	p. 17	Set of whole numbers and their opposites ...-3, -2, -1, 0, +1, + 2, +3, ...
Inverse Operation	p. 46	Pairs of operations that undo each other. Addition/Subtraction Multiplication/ Division
Negative Number		Values that are less than zero Examples ...-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0
Numerical Expression	p.11	A mathematical expression that has a combination of numbers and at least one operation. Example: 2 + &
Opposites	p. 25	Two numbers with the same absolute value but different signs. The sum of opposites is zero.
Order of Operations	p. 11	Rules to follow when more than one operation is used in an expression P Parenthesis E Exponents M/D Multiply or Divide A/S Add or Subtract IN ORDER, LEFT TO RIGHT
Power	p. 12 and p. 98	Numbers written using exponents. Powers represent repeated multiplication. Ex 7 ³ means 7 times 7 times 7
Property	p. 13	An open sentence that is true for any numbers EXAMPLE: Associative/ Commutative/ Distributive
Solution	p. 45	Value for the variable that makes an equation true.
Solve	p. 45	To find the value of the variable tat makes the equation true.
Variable	p. 11	A symbol, usually a letter, used to represent a number in mathematical expressions or sentences

Chapter 2
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Bar Notation	p. 63	In repeating decimals, the line or bar placed over the digits that repeat. Another way to write0.56565656 is 0.56
Base	p. 98	In a power, the number used as a factor. In 10 ³, the base is 10. That is, 10 ³ = 10 × 10 × 10
Dimensional Analysis	p. 73	The process of including units of measurement when you compute
Exponent	p.98	In a power, the number of times the base is used as a factor. In 10 ³, the exponent is 3. It indicates to multiply: 10 × 10 × 10
Like Fractions	p. 82	Fractions having the same denominator
Multiplicative Inverses	p. 76	A number times its multiplicative inverse is equal to 1. The multiplicative inverse of 2/3 is 3/2/
Power	p 12 and P. 98	Numbers written using exponents (See Chapter 1)
Rational Number	p. 62	Numbers of the form a/b, where a and b are integers and b is not equal to 0.
Reciprocal	p. 76	The multiplicative inverse of a number. The product of reciprocals is one.
Repeating Decimal	p.63	A decimal whose digits repeat in groups of one or more. Example: 0.3333... or 0.212121...
Scientific Notation	p.104	A way of expressing numbers as the product of a number that is at least 1 but is less than 10 and a power of 10. In scientific notation, 55,600 is 5.56 × 10 ⁴
Terminating Decimal	p.63	A decimal whose digits end. Every terminating decimal can be written as a fraction with a denominator of 10, 100 1000 and so on.
Unlike Fractions	p88	Fractions whose denominators are different

Chapter 3
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Vocabulary Term	Page	Definition/Description/Example
Abscissa	p.142	1st number of an ordered pair; the x-coordinate
Coordinate Plane	p. 142	Plane in which a horizontal and vertical number line intersect at their zero points
Hypotenuse	p. 132	side opposite the right angle in a right triangle. It is the longest side of the right triangle
Irrational Number	p.125	number that cannot be expresses as a/b where a and b are integers; An irrational number is a non-repeating, non-terminating decimal
Legs	p.132	two sides of a right triangle that form the right angle
Ordered Pair	p.142	(x,y) Pair of numbers used to locate a point on coordinate grid
Ordinate	p.142	2nd number in ordered pair; the y-coordinate
Origin	p.142	point of intersection of the x-axis and the y-axis in a coordinate plane
Perfect Square	p.116	square of a whole number: product of a number times itself Example: 5 ² (or 5-squared) = 5 times 5 or 25
Principal Square Root	p. 117	positive square root
Pythagorean Theorem	p.132	c ² = a ²+ b ^{2 Used to find the missing side in a right triangle. c represents the hypotenuse; a and b represent the legs.}
Pythagorean Triple	p. 138	set of three intergers that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem
Quadrants	p.142	four regions formed by the intersection of the x and y axes
Radical Sign	p.116	√ Means to find what number was multiplied by itself to get the value underneath (the radicand) the symbol
Real Number	p. 125	set of rational and irrational numbers
Right Triangle	p.132 and 236	triangle having one right angle; the other two angles are acute and have a sum of 90. The two acute angles are complementary.
Square Root	p.116	Find what number was multiplied by itself; √36 means "square root of 36"; The square root of 36 is 6.
x-axis	p.142	horizontal number line that helps form the coordinate grid.
x-coordinate	p.142	1st number of an ordered pair; Tells "left/right"
y-axis	p.142	vertical number line that helps form the coordinate grid.
y-coordinate	p.142	2nd number of an ordered pair: Tells "up/down"

Chapter 4
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Congruent	p.179	Having the same measure
Proportion		Two equivalent ratios: May be solved using the Cross Product Rule
Rate	p.157	Ratio of two measurements having different units: Ex. Miles per Gallon
Ratio	p.156	Comparison of two numbers by division; Be sure all measurements are expressed in the same units BEFORE reducing to lowest terms
Scale	p. 184	Ratio of given length on a drawing or model to its corresponding actual length
Scale Drawing	p.184	Drawing that is similar, but either larger or smaller than the actual object
Scale Factor	p.179	Ratio of the lengths of two corresponding sides of two similar polygons
Scale Model	p184	Replica of an original object that is too large or too small to be built at actual size
Similar	p.178	Polygons that have the same shape, but are different in size. Corresponding angles have congruent measures. Corresponding sides are proportional.
Unit Rate	p.157	Rate with a denominator of 1

Chapter 5
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Base	p. 216	In a percent proportion, the number to which the percentage is compared.
Compatible Number	p. 228	Two numbers that are easy to add, subtract, multiply or divided mentally.
Percent	p. 206	A ratio that compares a number to 100
Percent Change	p. 236	A ratio that compares the change in a quantity to the original amount
Percent Proportion	p. 216	Compares part of a quantity to the whole quantity using a percent Part ‗ Percent Whole 100

Chapter 6
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Acute Angle	p. 256	angle with a measure greater than 0⁰and less than 90⁰
Adjacent Angles	p. 256	angles that have the same vertex, share a common side, and do not overlap
Alternate-Interior Angles	p.258	congruent angles formed when a transversal intersects parallel lines... The angles are "inside" the parallel lines and are on opposite sides of the transversal.
Alternate-Exterior Angles	p.258	congruent angles formed when a transversal intersects parallel lines... The angles are "outside" the parallel lines and are on opposite sides of the transversal.
Complementary Angles	p.256	Two angles are complementary if the sum of their measures is 90⁰
Corresponding Angles	p.258	congruent angles formed when a transversal intersects parallel lines... angles that have the same position on two different parallel lines cut by a transversal
Equilateral Triangle	p. 263	A triangle with three congruent sides. NOTE: This also means there are three congruent angles.
Isosceles Triangles	p.263	A triangle that has at least two congruent sides. NOTE: This also means there are three congruent angles.
Obtuse Angle	p.256	Angle that measures greater than 90 ⁰ but less than 180 ⁰
Obtuse Triangle	p. 263	Triangle having one obtuse angle
Parallelogram	p. 273	Quadrilateral with both pairs of opposite sides parallel and congruent. NOTE: The sum of the angles is 360. Opposite angles are congruent.
Quadrilateral	p.272	Polygon that has four sides and four angles. NOTE: The sum of the angles is 360.
Reflection	p.290	Type of transformation in which a mirror image is produced by flipping a figure over a line. NOTE: The image is congruent to the original figure.
Rhombus	p. 273	Parallelogram with four congruent sides.
Right Angle	p. 256 and p. 263	Angle that measures 90 ⁰
Right Triangle	p.132 and p. 263	Triangle having one right angle. NOTE: The two acute angles are complementary.
Rotation	p.300	Transformation involving the twisting or turning of a figure around a fixed point
Scalene Triangle	p.263	Triangle with no congruent sides
Supplementary Angles	p.256	Two angles are supplementary if the sum of their measures is 180⁰
Translation	p. 296	This transformation is a "slide". The image is congruent to the original figure.
Trapezoid	p.273	A quadrilateral with exactly one pair of parallel sides.
Vertical Angles	p.256	"Opposite "angles formed by the intersection of two lines. Vertical angles are congruent.

Chapter 7
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Circumference	p. 319	Distance around circle C = ∏d
Complex Figure	p. 326	Figure made up of 2 or more shapes
Cone	p.343	3-dimensional figure with a circular base/ curved surface connects base to vetex.
Cylinder	p. 336	Slid figure whose bases are congruent, parallel circles connected with a curved side
Diameter	p. 319	Distance across a circle through its center
Edge	p.331	Intersection of 2 faces of a 3-dimensional figure
Face	p. 331	Any surface that forms a side or a base of a prism
Lateral Area	p. 352	Triangular side of a pyramid
Polyhedron	p. 331	solid with flat surfaces that are polygons
Precision
Prism	p/331	polyhedron with 2 parallel congruent faces called bases
Pyramid	p. 331	polyhedron with 1 base that is a polygon and faces that are triangles
Radius	p. 319	Distance from center of a circle to any point on the circle
Significant Digits
Slant Height	p. 352	Altitude or height of each lateral face of a pyramid
Total Surface Area	p/347	Sum of areas of all faces of a 3-dimensional figure (Abbreviated: TSA)
Vertex	p. 331	Vertex of a prism is a point where 3 or more planes (faces) intersect
Volume	p. 335	Number of cubic units needed to fill the space occupied by a solid


Chapter 8
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Vocabulary Term	Page	Definition/Description/Example
Biased Sample		Sample drawn so that one or more parts of the population are favored.
Complementary Events		Events of one outcome happening and that outcome NOT happening are complementary events. The sum of the probabilities is 1.
Compound Events		An event that consists of two or more simple events
Dependent Events		Two or more events in which the outcome of one event affects the outcome of the other events
Experimental Probability		Estimated probability based on the results of an experiment
Fundamental Counting Principle		Uses multiplication of the number of ways each event in an experiment can occur to find the number of possible outcomes in the sample space
Independent Events		Two or more events in which the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event(s).
Outcome		One possible result of a probability event.
Population		The entire group of items or individuals from which the samples under consideration are taken
Probability		The chance that some event will happen. It is the ratio of the favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes.
Random Sample		Chosen without thought or consideration
Sample		Randomly selected group chosen for the purpose of collecting data
Sample Space		Set of all possible outcomes of a probability experiment
Theoretical Probability		Probability based on known characteristics or facts. (What the probability would be in "a perfect world."
Tree Diagram		Diagram used to show the total number of possible outcomes in a probability experiment.
Unbiased Sample		Sample that is selected so that it is representative of the entire population. (Includes "some of each.")





Chapter 9
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Vocabulary Term	Page	Definition/Description/Example

Circle Graph		Type of statistical graph used to compare 1 parts to another; or, it may compare a part to the whole.
Data Displays		Bar Graph, Line Graph, Circle Graph Line Plots, Box-and-Whisker Plots, Scatter Plots Frequency Tables, Histograms
Histogram		Bar graph that shows the frequency of data in intervals.

Mean		Arithmetic average; Found by adding all the values and dividing by the number of values in the set.

Median		The middle number of a set of data.

Mode		The number or item that appears most frequently in a set of data

Range		The difference between the greatest and the least number in a set of data.

Statistics		Collection, organization, presentation and analysis of data.


Chapter 10
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Vocabulary Term	Page	Definition/Description/Example
Coefficient	p.470	The numerical factor of a term that contains a variable. Ex. In the term 3A, the 3 is the numerical coefficient.
Constant	p. 470	A term without a variable. In, y = 3x+ 2, the 2 is a constant.
Equivalent Expressions	p. 469	Expressions that have the same value regardless of the value(s) of the variable(s).
Like Terms	p. 470	Terms that contain the same variable.
Simplest Form	p.471	An algebraic expression that has no like terms and no parentheses.
Term	p. 470	A number, a variable, or a product of numbers and variables. Ex. 3c + 2, has two terms...3c and 2 3c is a product of a number and a variable; 2 is a constant
Two-Step Equation	p.474	An equation that contains two operations. Ex: 35 = 2x + 8 is a two-step equation. x is 1st multiplied by 2; then, 8 is added. To solve for x in a 2-step equation: 1st: Undo the addition/subtraction 2nd: Undo the multiplication/ division

Chapter 11
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Vocabulary Term	Page	Definition/Description/Example
Arithmetic Sequence	p. 512	Sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is the same
Common Difference	p. 512	The difference between any two consecutive terms in an arithmetic sequence
Common Ratio	p. 513	The quotient between any two consecutive terms in a geometric sequence
Dependent Variable	p.518	The variable for the output of a function
Domain	p.518	The set of input values in a function
Function	p.517	A relation in which each element of the input is paired with exactly one element of the output according to a specified rule
Function Table	p.518	a table organizing the input, rule and output of a function
Geometric Sequence	p.513	A sequence in which the quotient between any two consecutive terms is the same
Independent Variable	p.518	The variable for the input of a function
Linear Function	p.523	A function in which the graph of the solutions forms a line
Range	p.518	The set of output values in a function
Scatter Plot	p.539	A graph that shows the general relationship between two sets of data
Sequence	p.512	An ordered list of numbers
Slope Formula	p.526	The slope of a line (m) passing through two points is the ratio of the difference in the y-coordinates to the corresponding difference in the x-coordinates y ₂- y _{1 m = _________} x ₂ - x ₁
Slope-Intercept Form	p.533	An equation written in the form: y = mx + b, where m is the slope; and, b is the y-intercept
Substitution	p.545	A method used for solving a system of equations that replaces one variable in one equation with an expression derived from the other equation.
System of Equations	p.544	A set of two or more equations considered together.
Term	p.512	A number in a sequence
x-Intercept	p.523	The value of x where the graph crosses the x-axis.
y-Intercept	p.523	The value of y where the graph crosses the y-axis.

Chapter 12
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Monomial	p. 570	A number, variable or a product of a number and one or more variables
Non-Linear Function	p. 560	A function that does not have a constant rate of change The graph of a nonlinear function is NOT a straight line.
Polynomial	p. 570	The sum or difference of one or more monomials
Quadratic Function	p. 565	A function in which the greatest power of the variable is 2

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